First- and second-order social contact network structure in southern China

Smith, Claire Perrin and Read, Jonathan Michael and Riley, Steven and Cummings, Derek and Kwok, Kin On and Jiang, Chao Qiang and Lessler, Justin (2025) First- and second-order social contact network structure in southern China. Interface, 22 (232). ISSN 1742-5689

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Abstract

The contact network structure resulting from social interaction between people is a key aspect of epidemic dynamics and control. While many studies have measured first-order network characteristics such as degree, measuring higher order properties of these networks, such as clustering, remains a challenge. Here, we present the results of a study of first- and second-order network structure from a representative cohort of individuals in Guangdong province, China. The number of reported daily contacts is similar across individuals aged 2 to 55 years, except for young adults (ages 16–25) who have relatively fewer daily contacts, while the number of contacts declines with age above 55 years old. The association between age and contact rate persisted after adjusting for mediating factors. Individuals living in higher population density areas made more contacts outside the home than individuals in low-density areas. Contacts of young children and older adults were more locally clustered than middle-aged adults. Individuals living in high population density areas had lower levels of local clustering compared with individuals from low-density areas. Adjustment for characteristics of the contacts themselves reduces the variation in local clustering between participants of different ages; however, the strong association with population density remains.