Ma, Haoming and Lu, Yang and Kou, Zuhao and Xue, Zhenqian and Yu, Wei and Zhang, Kai and Deng, Peng and Di, Chaojie and Zhu, Yuanrui and Wang, Hao and Chen, Zhangxing (2025) Cybersecurity and Cyber-Attacks in the Growing Natural Gas and Hydrogen Industry : A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Gas Science and Engineering, 143: 205744. ISSN 2949-9089
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
The natural gas and hydrogen industries are increasingly integral to the global transition toward a decarbonized energy future. With the integration of digital technologies such as Industrial Control Systems (ICS), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and Artificial Intelligence (AI), these industries have enhanced operational efficiency and scalability. However, this digital evolution has concurrently expanded the cyber-attack surface, exposing critical infrastructure to sophisticated threats ranging from ransomware to advanced persistent threats (APTs). This review article summarizes the evolving cybersecurity landscape in the natural gas and hydrogen industries, emphasizing the vulnerabilities introduced by digital transformation and the rising frequencies of cyber intrusions. It investigates historical cyber-attacks, threat vectors, and their economic, operational, and environmental impacts. The article also discusses advanced security frameworks, the role of AI and machine learning in threat detection, and innovations such as blockchain and digital twins. Finally, forward-looking strategies and actionable recommendations are presented to foster cyber resilience in the context of the emerging hydrogen economy. This systematic review underscores the rising importance of integrating cybersecurity into energy system design, policy, and operations to safeguard infrastructure in a highly interconnected digital and renewable energy transition.