Who is concerned about digitalization? : The role of digital literacy and exposure across 30 countries

Hu, Yang and Qian, Yue (2025) Who is concerned about digitalization? : The role of digital literacy and exposure across 30 countries. Information, Communication and Society. ISSN 1369-118X

Abstract

Rapid digitalization has unleashed widespread digital concerns, namely concerns about the potential harms associated with digital technology use, such as privacy loss, blurred work-family boundaries, and misinformation. Analyzing nationally representative data from the European Social Survey (2020–2022; N = 49,665), we present the first evidence across 30 countries on the prevalence of and sociodemographic variations in digital concerns, as well as how digital literacy and exposure relate to these concerns. Our findings reveal high levels of digital concerns, averaging 0.65 across countries on a 0–1 scale, ranging from 0.47 in Bulgaria to 0.74 in the Netherlands. Following a concave age pattern, adults aged 25–44 years report greater concerns compared to younger people and older adults. More educated individuals report greater digital concerns than those with less education. Digital concerns, however, vary little across the income spectrum or from big cities to remote villages. Exhibiting a positive digital literacy–concern link, those with greater digital literacy are more concerned about digital technologies’ potential harms. This digital literacy–concern link intensifies with digital exposure, which is measured through both individual-level technology use and country-level internet coverage. Our study highlights digital concerns as an understudied yet prominent feature of everyday life in today’s societies. Global agendas for improving digital literacy and engagement should incorporate efforts to address not just digital technologies’ ramifications but also people’s concerns about them.