Approximating a Spatially‐Heterogeneously Mass‐Emitting Object by Multiple Point Sources in a Diffusion Model

Peng, Qiyao and Hille, Sander C. (2025) Approximating a Spatially‐Heterogeneously Mass‐Emitting Object by Multiple Point Sources in a Diffusion Model. Studies in Applied Mathematics, 155 (5): e70131. ISSN 0022-2526

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Abstract

Various biological cells secrete diffusing chemical compounds into their environment for communication purposes. Secretion usually takes place over the cell membrane in a spatially heterogeneous manner. Mathematical models of these processes will be part of more elaborate models, for example, of the movement of immune cells that react to cytokines in their environment. Here, we compare two approaches to modelling of the secretion–diffusion process of signaling compounds. The first is the so‐called spatial exclusion model, in which the intracellular space is excluded from consideration and the computational space is the extracellular environment. The second consists of point source models, where the secreting cell is replaced by one or more nonspatial point sources or sinks, using—mathematically—Dirac delta distributions. We propose a multi‐Dirac approach and provide explicit expressions for the intensities of the Dirac distributions. We show that two to three well‐positioned Dirac points suffice to approximate well a temporally constant but spatially heterogeneous flux distribution of compound over the cell membrane, for a wide range of variation in flux density and diffusivity. The multi‐Dirac approach is compared to a single‐Dirac approach that was studied in previous work. Moreover, an explicit Green's function approach is introduced that has significant benefits in circumventing numerical instability that may occur when the Dirac sources have high intensities.