Assessing the effect of energy poverty on health outcomes: insights from Ghana

Nyame-Baafi, Kwasi and Darmoe, Joseph Kofi Agyapong and Ohemeng, Williams and Amenah, Michel Adurayi (2025) Assessing the effect of energy poverty on health outcomes: insights from Ghana. BMC Public Health, 25 (1): 2419. ISSN 1471-2458

Abstract

Background: Energy poverty, characterized by inadequate access to clean, reliable, and affordable energy, is a pressing issue in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with profound implications for health outcomes and healthcare utilization. In sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, energy poverty disproportionately affects rural and low-income households, exacerbating health disparities and limiting access to healthcare services. This study investigates the impact of energy poverty on health outcomes and healthcare-seeking behaviour. Specifically, it examines the likelihood of illness or injury, the duration of illness as an indicator of healthcare access, and the probability of consulting health practitioners, providing evidence to guide targeted policy interventions. Methods: The study utilized data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 7) to examine energy poverty and health outcomes. The Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) was calculated to measure energy poverty among a sample of 7,460 households. Health outcomes were assessed based on the incidence and duration of illness or injury and healthcare-seeking behaviors. To analyze these relationships, econometric models such as binary logistic regression and Poisson regression were employed, with robustness checks conducted using the Lewbel Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method to address potential endogeneity. The analysis was performed using STATA 18 software. Results: The study finds that energy poverty is significantly associated with a higher probability of experiencing illness or injury (0.063, p < 0.01), while paradoxically linked to shorter illness duration (–1.299, p < 0.10). Among poor households, energy poverty significantly reduces the likelihood of consulting a healthcare practitioner (–0.036, p < 0.10). Lewbel 2SLS estimates confirm these patterns, showing a robust positive effect on illness incidence (0.181, p < 0.05) and a significant negative impact on healthcare utilization (–0.137, p < 0.10). These findings underscore energy poverty’s dual burden: increasing health risks while limiting timely access to care, particularly for the poor. Conclusions: The findings highlight the critical effect of energy poverty on health outcomes in Ghana, particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable populations. Addressing energy poverty requires integrated policies that enhance access to clean and affordable energy while also improving healthcare services and public health education. Targeted interventions for vulnerable groups, including subsidies for clean energy technologies and energy-efficient appliances, are essential. This study calls for a nuanced approach that aligns energy access with public health goals, aiming to improve well-being and reduce health disparities in Ghana.