Capozzi, Luigi C. and Trout, Bernhardt L. and Pisano, Roberto (2019) From Batch to Continuous : Freeze-Drying of Suspended Vials for Pharmaceuticals in Unit-Doses. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 58 (4). pp. 1635-1649. ISSN 0888-5885
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
In response to the current trend in the pharmaceutical industry, a new concept for the freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals in unit-doses is presented: the continuous freeze-drying/lyophilization of suspended vials. This configuration makes it possible to set up a continuous freeze-drying process that produces a final product with similar characteristics to those traditionally obtained by means of the batch process but which avoids the drawbacks of conventional, batch freeze-drying. The feasibility and advantages of this new concept are presented in this work. Continuous freeze-drying has been found to improve heat transfer uniformity and reduce the primary drying duration by 2-4 times. As far as the structure of lyophilized products is concerned, SEM micrographs of the lyophilized samples showed that this technology improves vial-to-vial and intravial homogeneity.