Strong Far-ultraviolet Fields Drive the [C II]/Far-infrared Deficit in z ∼ 3 Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies

Rybak, Matus and Calistro Rivera, G. and Hodge, J. A. and Smail, Ian and Walter, F. and van der Werf, P. and da Cunha, E. and Chen, Chian-Chou and Dannerbauer, H. and Ivison, R. J. and Karim, A. and Simpson, J. M. and Swinbank, A. M. and Wardlow, J. L. (2019) Strong Far-ultraviolet Fields Drive the [C II]/Far-infrared Deficit in z ∼ 3 Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 876 (2). p. 112. ISSN 0004-637X

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Abstract

We present 0.″15 (1 kpc) resolution ALMA observations of the [C II] 157.74 μm line and rest-frame 160 μm continuum emission in two z ∼ 3 dusty, star-forming galaxies—ALESS 49.1 and ALESS 57.1, combined with resolved CO (3–2) observations. In both sources, the [C II] surface brightness distribution is dominated by a compact core ≤1 kpc in radius, a factor of 2–3 smaller than the extent of the CO (3–2) emission. In ALESS 49.1, we find an additional extended (8 kpc radius), low surface brightness [C II] component. Based on an analysis of mock ALMA observations, the [C II] and 160 μm continuum surface brightness distributions are inconsistent with a single-Gaussian surface brightness distribution with the same size as the CO (3–2) emission. The [C II] rotation curves flatten at ≃2 kpc radius, suggesting that the kinematics of the central regions are dominated by a baryonic disk. Both galaxies exhibit a strong [C II]/far-IR (FIR) deficit on 1 kpc scales, with FIR surface brightness to [C II]/FIR slope steeper than in local star-forming galaxies. A comparison of the [C II]/CO (3–2) observations with photodissociation region models suggests a strong far-UV (FUV) radiation field (G 0 ∼ 104) and high gas density (n(H) ∼ 104–105 cm‑3) in the central regions of ALESS 49.1 and ALESS 57.1. The most direct interpretation of the pronounced [C II]/FIR deficit is a thermal saturation of the C+ fine-structure levels at temperatures ≥500 K, driven by the strong FUV field.