Positivity and long-term behaviour of a diffusion model with measure-valued nonlocal reaction term : applications in bioscience and engineering

Yang, Xiao and Peng, Qiyao and Hille, Sander C. (2026) Positivity and long-term behaviour of a diffusion model with measure-valued nonlocal reaction term : applications in bioscience and engineering. Journal of Differential Equations, 474: 114460. ISSN 0022-0396

Abstract

The behaviour is investigated of solutions to a diffusion equation on the real line with nonlocal and singular reaction term, i.e., given by a Dirac source or sink at the origin. It gives a simplified representation of for example a control system that senses concentration at a distance, but "intervenes" at the origin. Positivity of solutions (for positive initial conditions) cannot be guaranteed for all parameter settings in the model. We determine a parameter regime and conditions on the positive initial condition in terms of monotonicity and symmetry, that do allow us to conclude the positivity of the solution for all time. In addition, we provide conditions that ensure convergence of the system to a constant steady state (pointwise), outside the region of observation. Technically, we extensively use Laplace transform arguments to achieve these results.