Perceptual Experiences of Autistic People With an Intellectual Disability and People With Williams Syndrome : A Reflexive Thematic Analysis

Elise, Freya and Irvine, Brian and Brinkert, Jana and Hamilton, Charlie and Farran, Emily K. and Milne, Elizabeth and Scerif, Gaia and Remington, Anna (2025) Perceptual Experiences of Autistic People With an Intellectual Disability and People With Williams Syndrome : A Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 38 (1): e13326. ISSN 1360-2322

Abstract

Background Autistic people without intellectual disabilities have increased perceptual capacity: they can process more information at any given time compared to non‐autistic people. We examined whether increased perceptual capacity is evident across the autistic spectrum (i.e. for autistic people with intellectual disabilities) and whether it is specific to autism, or also experienced by people with Williams Syndrome (WS). Methods Five autistic adults with intellectual disabilities and five adults with WS took part in accessible, qualitative interviews. Responses were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Both groups expressed enjoyment of focussed attention, with autistic participants preferring multiple simultaneous inputs. Responses suggested increased perceptual capacity for autistic participants only. The sensory environment was reported to be anxiety‐inducing for both groups. Conclusions This study gives preliminary evidence that increased perceptual capacity may be universal across the autistic spectrum, and specific to autism. Understanding differences in capacity offers more targeted suggestions to support sensory challenges. Keywords: attention, autism, distractibility, focus, intellectual disability, perception, perceptual capacity, Williams Syndrome