Euclid preparation LXXXVI. Cosmic Dawn Survey: Evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2 < z ≤ 6.5 measured over 10 square degrees

UNSPECIFIED (2026) Euclid preparation LXXXVI. Cosmic Dawn Survey: Evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2 < z ≤ 6.5 measured over 10 square degrees. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 708: A104. ISSN 1432-0746

Abstract

The Cosmic Dawn Survey pre-launch catalogues cover an effective 10.13 deg2 area with uniform deep Spitzer/IRAC data (m ∼ 25 mag, 5σ), the largest area covered to these depths at IR wavelengths. We used these data to gain new insight into the growth of stellar mass across cosmic history by characterising the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function through 0.2 < z ≤ 6.5. The total volume (0.62 Gpc3) represents an order of magnitude increase compared to previous works that explored z > 3 and significantly reduces cosmic variance, thus yielding strong constraints on the abundance of galaxies above the characteristic stellar mass (ℳ★) across this ten billion year period. The evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function is generally consistent with results from the literature but now provides firm estimates of the number density where only upper limits were previously available. Contrasting the galaxy stellar mass function with the dark matter halo mass function suggests that massive galaxies (ℳ ≳ 1011 M⊙) at z > 3.5 required integrated star-formation efficiencies of ℳ/(ℳhfb)≳ 0.25–0.5, in excess of the commonly held view of a ‘universal peak efficiency’ from studies on the stellar-to-halo mass relation. Such increased efficiencies imply an evolving peak in the stellar-to-halo mass relation at z > 3.5 that can be maintained if feedback mechanisms from active galactic nuclei and stellar processes are ineffective at early times. In addition, a significant fraction of the most massive quiescent galaxies are observed to be in place by z ∼ 2.5–3. The apparent lack of change in their number density by z ∼ 0.2 is consistent with relatively little mass growth from mergers. Utilising the unique volume, we find evidence of an environmental dependence of the galaxy stellar mass function all the way through z ∼ 3.5 for the first time, though a more careful characterisation of the density field is ultimately required for confirmation.