Burgaz, U. and Maguire, K. and Galbany, L. and Rigault, M. and Kim, Y.-L. and Sollerman, J. and Müller-Bravo, T. E. and Ginolin, M. and Smith, M. and Dimitriadis, G. and Johansson, J. and Goobar, A. and Nordin, J. and Nugent, P. E. and Terwel, J. H. and Townsend, A. and Dekany, R. and Graham, M. J. and Groom, S. L. and Rehemtulla, N. and Wold, A. (2026) ZTF SN Ia DR2 follow-up : Exploring the origin of the Type Ia supernova host galaxy step through Si II velocities. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 705: A76. ISSN 0004-6361
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
The relation between Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and the stellar masses of their host galaxy is well documented. In particular, Hubble residuals display a distinct luminosity shift based on host mass. This is known as the mass step. This effect is widely used as an additional correction factor in the standardisation of SN Ia luminosities. We investigate the Hubble residuals and the mass step of normal SNe Ia in the context of Si II λ 6355 velocities based on 277 normal SNe Ia that are near their peak in the second data release (DR2) of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). We divided the sample into high-velocity (HV) and normal-velocity (NV) SNe Ia, separated at 12,000 km s −1 . This produced a sample of 70 HV and 207 NV objects. We then explored potential environment- and/or progenitor-related effects by investigating the Si II λ 6355 velocities with parameters such as the light-curve stretch x 1 , the colour c , and the host galaxy properties. Although we only find a marginal difference between the Hubble residuals of HV and NV SNe Ia, the NV mass step is 0.149 ± 0.024 mag (6.3 σ ). The HV mass step is smaller, 0.046 ± 0.041 mag (1.1 σ ), and is consistent with zero. The difference between the NV and HV mass steps is modest, at ∼2.2 σ . Moreover, the clearest subtype difference appears for SNe in central regions ( d DLR < 1), where NV SNe Ia show a large mass step, whereas HV SNe Ia are consistent with no step, yielding a difference of 3.1–3.6 σ between NV and HV SNe Ia. We observe a host-colour step for both subtypes. NV SNe Ia show a step of 0.142 ± 0.024 mag (5.9 σ ), while HV SNe Ia show a step of 0.158 ± 0.042 mag (3.8 σ ), where the HV SNe Ia step appears to be larger, but the significance is lower because the sample size is smaller. Overall, the NV and HV colour steps are statistically consistent. HV SNe Ia also show modest (∼2.5–3 σ ) steps in certain subsets, such as those in outer regions ( d DLR > 1), whereas NV SNe display stronger environmental trends. Our results indicate that NV SNe Ia appear to be more environmentally sensitive, particularly in central likely metal-rich and older regions, while HV SNe Ia show weaker and subset-dependent trends. This suggests that applying a universal mass-step correction might introduce biases, and that incorporating refined classifications and/or environment-dependent factors, such as the location within the host, might improve future cosmological analyses beyond the standard x 1 and c cuts.