Dark energy survey year 3 results : Cosmological constraints from cluster abundances, weak lensing, and galaxy clustering

Abbott, T. M. C. and Aguena, M. and Alarcon, A. and Amon, A. and Anbajagane, D. and Andrade-Oliveira, F. and Avila, S. and Allam, S. S. and Bacon, D. and Becker, M. R. and Bhargava, S. and Blazek, J. and Bocquet, S. and Brooks, D. and Rosell, A. Carnero and Carretero, J. and Castander, F. J. and Chang, C. and Choi, A. and Conselice, C. and Costanzi, M. and Crocce, M. and da Costa, L. N. and Pereira, M. E. S. and Doux, C. and Davis, T. M. and Desai, S. and Diehl, H. T. and Dodelson, S. and Doel, P. and Elvin-Poole, J. and Esteves, J. and Everett, S. and Farahi, A. and Ferté, A. and Flaugher, B. and García-Bellido, J. and Gatti, M. and Giannini, G. and Giles, P. and Grandis, S. and Gruen, D. and Gruendl, R. A. and Gutierrez, G. and Harrison, I. and Hinton, S. R. and Hollowood, D. L. and Honscheid, K. and Jeffrey, N. and Jeltema, T. and Krause, E. and Lahav, O. and Lee, S. and Lidman, C. and Lima, M. and Lin, H. and Mohr, J. J. and Marshall, J. L. and McCullough, J. and Mena-Fern’andez, J. and Miquel, R. and Muir, J. and Myles, J. and Ogando, R. L. C. and Palmese, A. and Paterno, M. and Malagón, A. A. Plazas and Porredon, A. and Prat, J. and Romer, A. K. and Roodman, A. and Rozo, E. and Rykoff, E. S. and Rosenfeld, R. and Sanchez, E. and Cid, D. Sanchez and Sevilla-Noarbe, I. and Smith, M. and Suchyta, E. and Shin, Tae-hyeon and Tarle, G. and Thomas, D. and To, Chun-Hao and Troxel, M. A. and Vikram, V. and Walker, A. R. and Weinberg, David H. and Weaverdyck, N. and Wechsler, R. H. and Weller, J. and Wu, H.-Y. and Yamamoto, M. and Yanny, B. and Zhang, Y. and Zhou, C. (2025) Dark energy survey year 3 results : Cosmological constraints from cluster abundances, weak lensing, and galaxy clustering. Physical Review D, 112 (8): 083535. ISSN 2470-0010

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Abstract

Galaxy clusters provide a unique probe of the late-time cosmic structure and serve as a powerful independent test of the Λ⁢CDM model. This work presents the first set of cosmological constraints derived with ∼16, 000 optically selected redMaPPer clusters across nearly 5000  deg2 using DES year 3 datasets. Our analysis leverages a consistent modeling framework for galaxy cluster cosmology and DES-Y3 joint analyses of galaxy clustering and weak lensing (3 ×2⁢pt), ensuring direct comparability with the DES-Y3 3 ×2⁢pt analysis. We obtain constraints of 8 =0.864 ±0.035 and Ωm =0.26⁢5+0.019 −0.031 from the cluster-based data vector. We find that cluster constraints and 3 ×2⁢pt constraints are consistent under the Λ⁢CDM model with a posterior predictive distribution (PPD) value of 0.53. The consistency between clusters and 3 ×2⁢pt provides a stringent test of Λ⁢CDM across different mass and spatial scales. Jointly analyzing clusters with 3 ×2⁢pt further improves cosmological constraints, yielding 8 =0.81⁢1+0.022 −0.020 and Ωm =0.29⁢4+0.022 −0.033, a 24% improvement in the Ωm −8 figure of merit over 3 ×2⁢pt alone. Moreover, we find no significant deviation from the Planck CMB constraints with a probability to exceed (PTE) value of 0.6, significantly reducing previous 8 tension claims. Finally, combining DES 3 ×2⁢pt, DES clusters, and Planck CMB places an upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses of ∑ <0.26  eV at 95% confidence under the Λ⁢CDM model. These results establish optically selected clusters as a key cosmological probe and pave the way for cluster-based analyses in upcoming stage-IV surveys such as LSST, Euclid, and Roman.