Impacts of using peer online forums in mental health : a realist evaluation using mixed-methods

Lobban, Fiona and Jones, Steven and Caton, Neil and Glossop, Zoe and Lindroos Cermakova, Anna and Lodge, Christopher and Marshall, Paul and Rayson, Paul and Robinson, Heather and Rycroft-Malone, Jo and Semino, Elena and Tusting, Karin (2025) Impacts of using peer online forums in mental health : a realist evaluation using mixed-methods. JMIR, 27: e79289. ISSN 1439-4456

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Abstract

Background: Peer online forums offer people experiencing mental health challenges easily accessible and anonymous support. However, little is known about the impacts of using forums, how these impacts are generated, or who might benefit from which type of forum. Objective: We aimed to develop a program theory to understand how peer online mental health forums work to help potential users, health professionals, service providers, and commissioners to decide whether to use forums and which to choose. Methods: A realist evaluation using a mixed methods, case series design in collaboration with 7 peer online mental health forums was conducted. We triangulated analysis of a large web-based survey (n=791) with in-depth realist interviews (n=52) to test and refine previously developed program theories about the impacts of using online forums. We then analyzed forum posts to identify in situ evidence for our revised theories. We only used forum posts from individuals who had freely consented to posts being shared for research. Data collection and analysis involved extensive input from our patient and public involvement group, including forum users, moderators, and senior forum staff (n=22), which met monthly for 22 two-hour-long workshops throughout the study. Results: Impacts of using peer online mental health forums were largely positive. Forums that are easy to navigate, make users feel safe to post, and are supported by well-trained moderators offering timely and sensitive responses can help people find new ways to make sense of their mental health challenges, feel understood, and accepted in the forum. This can lead to an increase in self-efficacy, a reduction in self-stigma, and increased mental well-being. Writing about experiences in a forum can itself be cathartic, but when posts have evidently been helpful to other members, posters also benefit from a sense of greater purpose and value. Negative impacts can occur if forums are difficult to navigate or if moderation is unresponsive, insensitive, or inadequate, as users can be left feeling unheard, misunderstood, or overly responsible for the welfare of others. Conclusions: Forums offer accessible and inclusive ways to effectively support mental health for many people, some of whom may have limited access to other forms of help. The impacts on users are largely positive, but care is needed to ensure forums are well designed and moderators are well trained and supported. These findings are being used to inform the co-design of a web-based moderator toolkit and design guidelines, which will be made freely available.