Outburst of a subglacial flood from the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Bowling, Jade S. and McMillan, Malcolm and Leeson, Amber A. and Livingstone, Stephen J. and Sole, Andrew J. and Ng, Felix S. L. and Karlsson, Nanna B. and Nienow, Peter and Boxall, Karla and Noël, Brice and van den Broeke, Michiel R. and Slater, Thomas and Maddalena, Jennifer and Sandberg Sørensen, Louise and Simonsen, Sebastian B. and Mouginot, Jérémie and Millan, Romain and Melling, Laura and Taylor, Liam and Humbert, Angelika (2025) Outburst of a subglacial flood from the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Nature Geoscience, 18 (8). pp. 740-746. ISSN 1752-0894

Abstract

As Earth’s climate warms, surface melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has intensified, increasing rates of sea-level rise. Observations and theory indicate that meltwater generated at the ice sheet surface can drain to its bed, where it flows relatively unhindered to the ocean. This understanding of water movement within and beneath ice sheets underpins the theoretical models that are used to make projections of ice sheet change. Here we present evidence of a destructive mode of meltwater drainage in Greenland. Using multiple satellite sources, we show that a 90-million-cubic-metre subglacial flood forced its way upwards from the bed, fracturing the ice sheet, and bursting through the surface. This phenomenon was triggered by the rapid drainage of a subglacial lake and occurred in a region where the ice bed was predicted to be frozen. The resulting flood caused a rapid deceleration of the downstream marine-terminating glacier. Our observations reveal a complex, bi-directional coupling between the ice sheet’s surface and basal hydrological systems and demonstrate that extreme hydrological forcing may occur in regions of predicted cold-based ice. Such processes can impact the ice sheet’s dynamics and structural integrity but are not currently considered in ice sheet models.