ZTF SN Ia DR2 : Environmental dependencies of stretch and luminosity for a volume-limited sample of 1000 type Ia supernovae

Ginolin, M. and Rigault, M. and Smith, M. and Copin, Y. and Ruppin, F. and Dimitriadis, G. and Goobar, A. and Johansson, J. and Maguire, K. and Nordin, J. and Amenouche, M. and Aubert, M. and Barjou-Delayre, C. and Betoule, M. and Burgaz, U. and Carreres, B. and Deckers, M. and Dhawan, S. and Feinstein, F. and Fouchez, D. and Galbany, L. and Ganot, C. and Harvey, L. and de Jaeger, T. and Kenworthy, W.D. and Kim, Y.-L. and Kowalski, M. and Kuhn, D. and Lacroix, L. and Müller-Bravo, T.E. and Nugent, P. and Popovic, B. and Racine, B. and Rosnet, P. and Rosselli, D. and Sollerman, J. and Terwel, J.H. and Townsend, A. and Brugger, J. and Bellm, E.C. and Kasliwal, M.M. and Kulkarni, S. and Laher, R.R. and Masci, F.J. and Riddle, R.L. and Sharma, Y. (2025) ZTF SN Ia DR2 : Environmental dependencies of stretch and luminosity for a volume-limited sample of 1000 type Ia supernovae. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 695: A140. ISSN 1432-0746

Abstract

Context. Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) cosmology studies will soon be dominated by systematic, uncertainties, rather than statistical ones. Thus, it is crucial to understand the unknown phenomena potentially affecting their luminosity that may remain, such as astrophysical biases. For their accurate application in such studies, SN Ia magnitudes need to be standardised; namely, they must be corrected for their correlation with the light-curve width and colour. Aims. Here, we investigate how the standardisation procedure used to reduce the scatter of SN Ia luminosities is affected by their environment. Our aim is to reduce scatter and improve the standardisation process. Methods. We first studied the SN Ia stretch distribution, as well as its dependence on environment, as characterised by local and global (g − z) colour and stellar mass. We then looked at the standardisation parameter, α, which accounts for the correlation between residuals and stretch, along with its environment dependency and linearity. Finally, we computed the magnitude offsets between SNe in different astrophysical environments after the colour and stretch standardisations (i.e. steps). This analysis has been made possible thanks to the unprecedented statistics of the volume-limited Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) SN Ia DR2 sample. Results. The stretch distribution exhibits a bimodal behaviour, as previously found in the literature. However, we find the distribution to be dependent on environment. Specifically, the mean stretch modes decrease with host stellar mass, at a 9.2σ significance. We demonstrate, at the 13.4σ level, that the stretch-magnitude relation is non-linear, challenging the usual linear stretch-residuals relation currently used in cosmological analyses. In fitting for a broken-α model, we did indeed find two different slopes between stretch regimes (x1 ≶ x10 with x10 = −0.48 ± 0.08): αlow = 0.271 ± 0.011 and αhigh = 0.083 ± 0.009, comprising a difference of Δα = −0.188 ± 0.014. As the relative proportion of SNe Ia in the high-stretch and low-stretch modes evolves with redshift and environment, this implies that a single-fitted α also evolves with the redshift and environment. Concerning the environmental magnitude offset γ, we find it to be greater than 0.12 mag, regardless of the considered environmental tracer used (local or global colour and stellar mass), all measured at the ≥5σ level. When accounting for the non-linearity of the stretch, these steps increase to ∼0.17 mag, measured with a precision of 0.01 mag. Such strong results highlight the importance of using a large volume-limited dataset to probe the underlying SN Ia-host correlations.