Stochastic Neighbourhood Components Analysis

Laidler, Graham and Morgan, Lucy and Pavlidis, Nicos and Nelson, Barry (2025) Stochastic Neighbourhood Components Analysis. INFORMS journal on Data Science. ISSN 2694-4030

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Abstract

Distance metric learning is a fundamental task in data mining and is known to enhance the performance of various distance-based algorithms. In this paper, we consider stochastic training data in which repeated feature vectors can belong to different classes, a scenario in which existing methods of metric learning are known to struggle. This type of data is common in stochastic simulations, where multidimensional, recurrent system states are subject to inherent randomness. Classification models on such high-resolution simulation-generated data play a critical role in real-time decision making across diverse applications. This paper presents and implements a stochastic version of the popular neighbourhood components analysis. We demonstrate its behaviour on stochastic data using simulation models and reveal its advantages when used for nearest neighbour classification. Meanwhile, the assumptions of stochastic labelling and repeated feature vectors extend to data from various domains, suggesting that the method can attain broad impact. For example, beyond its applications to system control and decision making with digital twin simulation, it may enhance the analysis of data from sensor networks, recommender systems, and crowdsourced platforms, where stochasticity and recurring feature patterns are typical.