Assessing the use of minimally invasive self-sampling at home for long-term monitoring of the microbiota within UK families

Nikolaou, E. and German, E. L. and Howard, A. and Nabwera, H. M. and Matope, A. and Robinson, R. and Shiham, F. and Liatsikos, K. and McNamara, C. and Kattera, S. and Carter, K. and Parry, C. M. and Read, J. M. and Allen, S. J. and Urban, B. C. and Hawcutt, D. B. and Hill, H. and Collins, A. M. and Ferreira, D. M. (2023) Assessing the use of minimally invasive self-sampling at home for long-term monitoring of the microbiota within UK families. Scientific Reports, 13 (1): 18201. ISSN 2045-2322

Abstract

Monitoring the presence of commensal and pathogenic respiratory microorganisms is of critical global importance. However, community-based surveillance is difficult because nasopharyngeal swabs are uncomfortable and painful for a wide age range of participants. We designed a methodology for minimally invasive self-sampling at home and assessed its use for longitudinal monitoring of the oral, nasal and hand microbiota of adults and children within families. Healthy families with two adults and up to three children, living in and near Liverpool, United Kingdom, self-collected saliva, nasal lining fluid using synthetic absorptive matrices and hand swabs at home every two weeks for six months. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic and epidemiological data and assess feasibility and acceptability. Participants were invited to take part in an exit interview. Thirty-three families completed the study. Sampling using our approach was acceptable to 25/33 (76%) families, as sampling was fast (76%), easy (76%) and painless (60%). Saliva and hand sampling was acceptable to all participants of any age, whereas nasal sampling was accepted mostly by adults and children older than 5 years. Multi-niche self-sampling at home can be used by adults and children for longitudinal surveillance of respiratory microorganisms, providing key data for design of future studies.