In situ X-ray quantification of melt pool behaviour during directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of stainless steel

Chen, Yunhui and Clark, Samuel J. and Huang, Yuze and Sinclair, Lorna and Leung, Chu Lun Alex and Marussi, Sebastian and Connolley, Thomas and Magdysyuk, Oxana V. and Atwood, Robert C. and Baxter, Gavin J. and Jones, Martyn A. and Todd, Iain and Lee, Peter D. (2021) In situ X-ray quantification of melt pool behaviour during directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of stainless steel. Materials Letters, 286: 129205. ISSN 0167-577X

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Abstract

The Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing (DED-AM) of SS316L was studied using in situ and operando synchrotron X-ray imaging to quantitively understand the effect of processing parameters on the melt-pool morphology and surface quality. It was found that surface roughness of DED-AM builds can result from melt pool surface perturbations caused by changes in the melt flow and build stage motion perturbations. Process maps are developed that quantitatively correlate build quality to process parameters including powder feed rate, laser power and traverse speed. How the AM process parameters control build efficacy is clarified, and the processing conditions required to dampen surface perturbations leading to roughness were determined.