Designing of Gradient Scaffolds and their Applications in Tissue Regeneration

Pattnaik, Ananya and Sanket, A.Swaroop and Pradhan, Sanghamitra and Sahoo, Rajashree and Das, Sudiptee and Pany, Swarnaprbha and Douglas, Timothy and Dandela, Rambabu and Liu, Qiang and Rajadas, Jaykumar and Pati, Sanghamitra and De Smedt, Stefaan and Braeckmans, Kevin and Samal, Sangram Keshari (2023) Designing of Gradient Scaffolds and their Applications in Tissue Regeneration. Biomaterials, 296: 122078. ISSN 0142-9612

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Abstract

Gradient scaffolds are isotropic/anisotropic three-dimensional structures with gradual transitions in geometry, density, porosity, stiffness, etc., that mimic the biological extracellular matrix. The gradient structures in biological tissues play a major role in various functional and metabolic activities in the body. The designing of gradients in the scaffold can overcome the current challenges in the clinic compared to conventional scaffolds by exhibiting excellent penetration capacity for nutrients & cells, increased cellular adhesion, cell viability & differentiation, improved mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. In this review, the recent advancements in designing gradient scaffolds with desired biomimetic properties, and their implication in tissue regeneration applications have been briefly explained. Furthermore, the gradients in native tissues such as bone, cartilage, neuron, cardiovascular, skin and their specific utility in tissue regeneration have been discussed in detail. The insights from such advances using gradient-based scaffolds can widen the horizon for using gradient biomaterials in tissue regeneration applications.