Effect of Sewerage on the Contamination of Soil with Pathogenic Leptospira in Urban Slums

Casanovas-Massana, Arnau and Neves Souza, Fabio and Curry, Melanie and de Oliveira, Daiana and de Oliveira, Anderson S. and Eyre, Max T. and Santiago, Diogo and Aguiar Santos, Maísa and Serra, Rafael M. R. and Lopes, Evelyn and Xavier, Barbara IA and Diggle, Peter J. and Wunder, Elsio A. and Reis, Mitermayer G. and Ko, Albert I. and Costa, Federico (2021) Effect of Sewerage on the Contamination of Soil with Pathogenic Leptospira in Urban Slums. Environmental Science and Technology, 55 (23). pp. 15882-15890. ISSN 0013-936X

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Abstract

Leptospirosis is an environmentally transmitted zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. that affects poor communities worldwide. In urban slums, leptospirosis is associated with deficient sanitary infrastructure. Yet, the role of sewerage in the reduction of the environmental contamination with pathogenic Leptospira has not been explored. Here, we conducted a survey of the pathogen in soils surrounding open and closed sewer sections in six urban slums in Brazil. We found that soils surrounding conventionally closed sewers (governmental interventions) were 3 times less likely to contain pathogenic Leptospira (inverse OR 3.44, 95% CI = 1.66–8.33; p < 0.001) and contained a 6 times lower load of the pathogen (0.82 log10 units difference, p < 0.01) when compared to their open counterparts. However, no differences were observed in community-closed sewers (poor-quality closings performed by the slum dwellers). Human fecal markers (BacHum) were positively associated with pathogenic Leptospira even in closed sewers, and rat presence was not predictive of the presence of the pathogen in soils, suggesting that site-specific rodent control may not be sufficient to reduce the environmental contamination with Leptospira. Overall, our results indicate that sewerage expansion to urban slums may help reduce the environmental contamination with the pathogen and therefore reduce the risk of human leptospirosis.