Sobral, David and Matthee, Jorryt (2019) Predicting Lyman-alpha escape fractions with a simple observable : Lyman-alpha in emission as an empirically calibrated star formation rate indicator. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 623: A157. ISSN 1432-0746
Abstract
Lyman-alpha (Lya) is intrinsically the brightest line emitted from active galaxies. While it originates from many physical processes, for star-forming galaxies the intrinsic Lya luminosity is a direct tracer of the Lyman-continuum (LyC) radiation produced by the most massive O- and early-type B-stars with lifetimes of a few Myrs. As such, Lya luminosity should be an excellent instantaneous star formation rate (SFR) indicator. However, its resonant nature and susceptibility to dust as a rest-frame UV photon makes Lya very hard to interpret due to the uncertain Lya escape fraction, f$_{esc,Ly\alpha}$. Here we explore results from the CALYMHA survey at z=2.2, follow-up of Lya emitters (LAEs) at z=2.2-2.6 and a z~0-0.3 compilation of LAEs to directly measure f$_{esc,Ly\alpha}$ with H-alpha (Ha). We derive a simple empirical relation that robustly retrieves f$_{esc,Ly\alpha}$ as a function of Lya rest-frame EW (EW$_0$): f$_{esc,Ly\alpha}$= 0.0048 EW$_0[{\AA}]\pm0.05$ and we show that the relation is driven by a tight sequence between high ionisation efficiencies and low dust extinction in LAEs. Observed Lya luminosities and EW$_0$ are easy measurable quantities at high redshift, thus making our relation a practical tool to estimate intrinsic Lya and LyC luminosities under well controlled and simple assumptions. Our results allow observed Lya luminosities to be used to compute SFRs for LAEs at z~0-2.6 within 0.2 dex of the Ha dust corrected SFRs. We apply our empirical SFR(Lya,EW$_0$) calibration to several sources at z>2.6 to find that star-forming LAEs have SFRs typically ranging from 0.1 to 20 M$_{\odot}$/yr and that our calibration might be even applicable for luminous LAEs within the epoch of re-ionisation. Our results imply higher than canonical ionisation efficiencies and low dust content in LAEs across cosmic time, and will be easily tested with future observations with JWST.